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What Does It Say About The Physical Makeup Of The Land That The Nile Flows Northward

Written By Wednesday, June 8, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Major river in northeastern Africa

Nile
Evening, Nile River, Uganda.jpg

The river in Republic of uganda
inside river Nile map
Location
Countries Arab republic of egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Congo, Republic of kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi
Major cities Jinja, Juba, Khartoum, Cairo
Physical characteristics
Source White Nile
 • coordinates 02°16′56″South 29°19′53″East  /  2.28222°Southward 29.33139°E  / -2.28222; 29.33139
 • tiptop ii,400 m (seven,900 ft)
second source Blue Nile
 • location Lake Tana, Ethiopia
 • coordinates 12°02′09″N 037°15′53″E  /  12.03583°N 37.26472°East  / 12.03583; 37.26472
Mouth Mediterranean Ocean

 • location

 Nile Delta, Egypt

 • coordinates

 30°10′N 31°09′E  /  30.167°N 31.150°E  / thirty.167; 31.150 Coordinates: 30°ten′N 31°09′Due east  /  thirty.167°N 31.150°E  / 30.167; 31.150

 • summit

 Sea level
Length 6,650 km (4,130 mi)[a]
Bowl size 3,349,000 km2 (1,293,000 sq mi)
Width
 • maximum two.8 km (1.7 mi)
Depth
 • average 8–11 k (26–36 ft)
Discharge
 • location Aswan, Egypt
 • boilerplate ii,633 m3/s (93,000 cu ft/s)
 • minimum 530 thou3/s (19,000 cu ft/s)
 • maximum 7,620 mthree/s (269,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge
 • location Cairo, Arab republic of egypt
 • boilerplate ii,000 thouiii/s (71,000 cu ft/s)
 • minimum 500 m3/s (xviii,000 cu ft/s)
 • maximum seven,000 grand3/s (250,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge
 • location Nile Delta, Egypt, Mediterranean Sea
 • average 1,584 m3/s (55,900 cu ft/s)
Bowl features
Tributaries
 • left White Nile
 • correct Blue Nile, Atbara

The Nile [b] is a major n-flowing river in northeastern Africa. Information technology flows into the Mediterranean Ocean. The longest river in Africa, it has historically been considered the longest river in the world,[3] [four] though this has been contested by research suggesting that the Amazon River is slightly longer.[5] [6] Of the world'south major rivers, the Nile is i of the smallest, every bit measured by almanac flow in cubic metres of water.[7] About 6,650 km (4,130 mi)[a] long, its drainage basin covers eleven countries: the Autonomous Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Republic of burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, Eritrea, S Sudan, Republic of the Sudan, and Arab republic of egypt.[9] In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Arab republic of egypt, Sudan and South Sudan.[x] Additionally, the Nile is an important economic river, supporting agriculture and fishing.

The Nile has two major tributaries – the White Nile, which begins at Jinja, Lake Victoria,[11] and the Blueish Nile. The White Nile is traditionally considered to be the headwaters stream. However, the Blue Nile is the source of most of the water of Nile downstream, containing 80% of the water and silt. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Cracking Lakes region. It begins from Uganda Lake Victoria, Uganda and South Sudan. The Blue Nile begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia[12] and flows into Sudan from the southeast. The two rivers run across at the Sudanese majuscule of Khartoum.[thirteen]

The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt, where Cairo is located on its large delta, and the river flows into the Mediterranean Sea at Alexandria. Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river and its almanac flooding since aboriginal times. Near of the population and cities of Arab republic of egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley n of Aswan dam. Nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Arab republic of egypt adult and are found along river banks. The Nile is, with the Rhône and Po, i of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water belch.[14]

Etymology and names

The standard English language names "White Nile" and "Blueish Nile" refer to the river's source, derived from Arabic names formerly applied to just the Sudanese stretches that see at Khartoum.[15]

In the ancient Egyptian linguistic communication, the Nile is called Ḥ'pī (Hapy) or Iteru, pregnant "river". In Coptic, the word ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ, pronounced piaro (Sahidic) or phiaro (Bohairic), ways "the river" (lit. p(h).iar-o "the.culvert-nifty"), and comes from the same ancient name.[16]

In Nobiin the river is called Áman Dawū, meaning "the dandy water".[2]

In Luganda the river is chosen Kiira or Kiyira.

In Runyoro its called Kihiira

In Egyptian Arabic, the Nile is chosen en-Nīl, while in Standard Arabic it is called an-Nīl. In Biblical Hebrew, information technology is הַיְאוֹר‎, Ha-Ye'or or הַשִׁיחוֹר‎, Ha-Shiḥor.

The English name Nile and the Arabic names en-Nîl and an-Nîl both derive from the Latin Nilus and the Aboriginal Greek Νεῖλος .[17] [18] Beyond that, still, the etymology is disputed.[eighteen] [19] Homer chosen the river Αἴγυπτος , Aiguptos, but in subsequent periods, Greek authors referred to its lower course as Neilos; this term became generalised for the entire river system.[xx] Thus, the proper name may derive from Ancient Egyptian expression nꜣ rꜣdue west-ḥꜣw(t) (lit. 'the mouths of the forepart parts'), which referred specifically to the branches of the Nile transversing the Delta, and would have been pronounced ni-lo-he in the surface area around Memphis in the 8th century BCE.[xx] Hesiod at his Theogony refers to Nilus (Νεῖλος) as 1 of the Potamoi (river gods), son of Oceanus and Tethys.[21]

Another derivation of Nile might be related to the term Nil (Sanskrit: नील, romanized: nila ; Egyptian Arabic: نيلة),[16] which refers to Indigofera tinctoria, one of the original sources of indigo dye.[22] Another may be Nymphaea caerulea, known every bit "The Sacred Blue Lily of the Nile", which was found scattered over Tutankhamen's corpse when it was excavated in 1922.[23]

Another possible etymology derives from the Semitic term Nahal, meaning "river".[24] Old Libyan has the term lilu, meaning water (in modern Berber ilel ⵉⵍⴻⵍ means sea).[25]

Courses

With a full length of about 6,650 km (iv,130 mi)[a] between the region of Lake Victoria and the Mediterranean Sea, the Nile is amidst the longest rivers on Globe. The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers (1,256,591 sq mi), about x% of the area of Africa.[27] Compared to other major rivers, though, the Nile carries fiddling water (five% of the Congo River, for example).[28] The Nile bowl is complex, and because of this, the belch at whatever given bespeak along the mainstem depends on many factors including weather, diversions, evaporation and evapotranspiration, and groundwater flow.

Upstream from Khartoum (to the south), the river is known every bit the White Nile, a term also used in a express sense to describe the department between Lake No and Khartoum. At Khartoum, the river is joined by the Bluish Nile. The White Nile starts in equatorial Eastward Africa, and the Blue Nile begins in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia. Both branches are on the western flanks of the E African Rift.

Sources

The Nile River arrangement[29] has two main tributaries which combined brand the existing Nile river, the White Nile, which supplies much less water to Nile's flow, and the Bluish Nile. The source of the White Nile, fifty-fifty afterward centuries of exploration, remains in dispute. The most remote source that is indisputably a source for the White Nile is the Kagera River; however, the Kagera has 2 known tributaries that are in contention for the farthest source of the White Nile: The Ruvyironza River (too known every bit the Luvironza) and the Rurubu River.[29] [30] the source of the Blue Nile is Lake Tana[31] in the Gilgel Abbay watershed[32] in the Ethiopian Highlands.[30]

In 2010, an exploration party[33] went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary,[34] and by hacking a path up steep jungle-choked mount slopes in the Nyungwe wood found (in the dry season) an appreciable incoming surface period for many kilometres upstream, and found a new source, giving the Nile a length of half-dozen,758 km (four,199 mi).

Gish Abay is reportedly the place where the "holy water" of the commencement drops of the Blueish Nile develop.[35]

In Egypt

Beneath the Aswan High Dam, at the northern limit of Lake Nasser, the Nile resumes its historic grade.

Due north of Cairo, the Nile splits into 2 branches (or distributaries) that feed the Mediterranean: the Rosetta Co-operative to the west and the Damietta to the east, forming the Nile Delta.

In S Sudan

The Nile river flows into S Sudan just south of Nimule, where it is known every bit the Bahr al Jabal ("Mount River"[36]). Merely s of the boondocks it has the confluence with the Achwa River. The Bahr al Ghazal, itself 716 kilometers (445 mi) long, joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon chosen Lake No, afterward which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad, or the White Nile, from the whitish clay suspended in its waters. When the Nile floods it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil. The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1970. An anabranch river, the Bahr el Zeraf, flows out of the Nile's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile.

The period rate of the Bahr al Jabal at Mongalla, South Sudan is near constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 chiliadiii/s (37,000 cu ft/s). Afterwards Mongalla, the Bahr Al Jabal enters the enormous swamps of the Sudd region of South Sudan. More than one-half of the Nile'southward water is lost in this swamp to evaporation and transpiration. The average menstruation rate of the White Nile at the tails of the swamps is about 510 m3/due south (18,000 cu ft/southward). From here it soon meets with the Sobat River at Malakal. On an almanac basis, the White Nile upstream of Malakal contributes about fifteen percent of the total outflow of the Nile.[37]

The average flow of the White Nile at Lake Kawaki Malakal, just below the Sobat River, is 924 mthree/south (32,600 cu ft/s); the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m3/s (43,000 cu ft/s) in Oct and minimum flow is about 609 m3/s (21,500 cu ft/s) in April. This fluctuation is due to the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat, which has a minimum menstruum of about 99 m3/south (three,500 cu ft/southward) in March and a peak catamenia of over 680 10003/s (24,000 cu ft/due south) in Oct.[38] During the dry season (January to June) the White Nile contributes between lxx percentage and 90 pct of the total discharge from the Nile.

In the Sudan

Below Renk, the White Nile enters the Sudan, it flows northward to Khartoum and meets the Blueish Nile.

The course of the Nile in the Sudan is distinctive. It flows over six groups of cataracts, from the 6th at Sabaloka only north of Khartoum due north to Abu Hamed. Due to the tectonic uplift of the Nubian Great, the river is and so diverted to flow for over 300 km s-west following the structure of the Fundamental African Shear Zone embracing the Bayuda Desert. At Al Dabbah information technology resumes its northward course towards the outset Cataract at Aswan forming the 'S'-shaped Great Bend of the Nile[39] already mentioned by Eratosthenes.[40]

In the north of the Sudan, the river enters Lake Nasser (known in Sudan as Lake Nubia), the larger part of which is in Arab republic of egypt.

In Republic of uganda

The Nile leaves Lake Victoria at Ripon Falls near Jinja, Republic of uganda, as the Victoria Nile. It flows north for some 130 kilometers (81 mi), to Lake Kyoga. The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers (120 mi) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the westward until simply south of Masindi Port, where the river turns north, so makes a great one-half circle to the east and n until Karuma Falls. For the remaining part, it flows only westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta. The lake itself is on the edge of the Autonomous Republic of the Congo, but the Nile is not a edge river at this point. After leaving Lake Albert, the river continues north through Uganda and is known every bit the Albert Nile.

Sediment transport

The annual sediment transport by the Nile in Egypt has been quantified.[41]

  • At Aswan: 0.fourteen million tonnes of suspended sediment and an additional 28% of bedload
  • At Beni Sweif: 0.five one thousand thousand tonnes of suspended sediment and an additional 20% of bedload
  • At Qena: 0.27 meg tonnes of suspended sediment and an boosted 27% of bedload
  • At Sohag: 1.v million tonnes of suspended sediment and an additional xiii% of bedload

Tributaries of Nile

Scarlet Nile

Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the Atbara River, also known as the Red Nile, roughly halfway to the sea, which originates in Ethiopia n of Lake Tana, and is effectually 800 kilometers (500 mi) long. The Atbara flows simply while there is rain in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia and dries very chop-chop. During the dry period of Jan to June, it typically dries up north of Khartoum.

Blue Nile

Annotated view of the Nile and Cerise Ocean, with a dust storm[42]

The Blueish Nile (Amharic: ዓባይ, ʿĀbay [43] [44]) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile flows most i,400 kilometres to Khartoum, where the Bluish Nile and White Nile bring together to course the Nile.[45] Xc percent of the water and 90-half dozen percent of the transported sediment carried past the Nile[46] originates in Ethiopia, with 50-nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile (the rest being from the Tekezé, Atbarah, Sobat, and small tributaries). The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy flavor in the summer, however, when rainfall is especially loftier on the Ethiopian Plateau; the rest of the year, the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile (Sobat, Blue Nile, Tekezé, and Atbarah) have a weaker menstruum. In harsh and arid seasons and droughts the Blue Nile dries out completely.[47]

The period of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly wheel and is the master contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow. During the dry flavor the natural discharge of the Blue Nile tin be as depression as 113 k3/south (iv,000 cu ft/s), although upstream dams regulate the flow of the river. During the wet flavor, the peak flow of the Blueish Nile often exceeds v,663 m3/s (200,000 cu ft/south) in late August (a divergence of a factor of fifty).

Before the placement of dams on the river the yearly discharge varied by a cistron of 15 at Aswan. Top flows of over viii,212 mthree/s (290,000 cu ft/s) occurred during late August and early September, and minimum flows of about 552 thousand3/due south (19,500 cu ft/s) occurred during late April and early May.

Bahr el Ghazal and the Sobat River

The Bahr al Ghazal and the Sobat River are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of discharge.

The Bahr al Ghazal'south drainage bowl is the largest of any of the Nile's sub-basins, measuring 520,000 foursquare kilometers (200,000 sq mi) in size, but information technology contributes a relatively small amount of h2o, almost 2 10003/s (71 cu ft/s) annually, due to tremendous volumes of h2o being lost in the Sudd wetlands.

The Sobat River, which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No, drains virtually one-half as much country, 225,000 km2 (86,900 sq mi), but contributes 412 cubic meters per 2d (14,500 cu ft/s) annually to the Nile.[48] When in flood the Sobat carries a big amount of sediment, calculation greatly to the White Nile's color.[49]

Yellow Nile

Map of Nile tributaries in modernistic Sudan, showing the Xanthous Nile

The Yellow Nile is a erstwhile tributary that connected the Ouaddaï highlands of eastern Chad to the Nile River Valley c. 8000 to c. 1000 BCE.[50] Its remains are known as the Wadi Howar. The wadi passes through Gharb Darfur near the northern border with Chad and meets up with the Nile near the southern point of the Great Bend.

History

Reconstruction of the Oikoumene (inhabited earth), an aboriginal map based on Herodotus' clarification of the world, circa 450 BC

The Nile (iteru in Ancient Egyptian) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Rock Age, with nigh of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan. Nonetheless, the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya and flow into the Gulf of Sidra.[51] As body of water level rose at the finish of the most recent ice age, the stream which is now the northern Nile pirated the bequeathed Nile near Asyut.[52] This change in climate besides led to the creation of the electric current Sahara desert, around 3400 BC.[53]

Ancient Niles

The existing Nile has 5 earlier phases; i) the Upper Miocenian Eonile, of most half-dozen one thousand thousand years BP,[54] [7] ii) the Upper Pliocenian Paleonile, commencing about 3.32 million years BP, and during the Pleistocene, the Nile phases 3) Proto-Nile, commencing nigh 600,000 years BP, 4) Pre-Nile,[55] transitioning at almost 400,000 years BP to the[54] v) Neo-Nile.[55] Flowing north from the Ethiopian Highlands, satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile. A canyon, now filled by surface drift, represents the Eonile that flowed during 23–v.3 million years before present. The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments.

During the belatedly-Miocene Messinian salinity crisis, when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed bowl and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly and so, the Nile cut its form downwards to the new base level until it was several hundred metres below earth bounding main level at Aswan and two,400 yard (seven,900 ft) below Cairo.[56] [57] This created a very long and deep coulee which was filled with sediment after the Mediterranean was recreated.[58] At some bespeak the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create Lake Moeris.

Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its grade in Rwanda. The Nile was much longer at that time, with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia.

The currently existing Nile showtime flowed during the former parts of the Würm glaciation period.[seven]

Integrated Nile

There are two theories virtually the age of the integrated Nile. Ane is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young historic period and that the Nile bowl was formerly cleaved into series of separate basins, only the most northerly of which fed a river post-obit the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan. Rushdi Said postulated that Egypt itself supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early role of its history.[59]

The other theory is that the drainage from Federal democratic republic of ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Bluish Nile, the Atbara and the Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into Third times.[60]

Salama suggested that during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods (66 one thousand thousand to 2.588 million years ago) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System: Mellut rift, White Nile rift, Blue Nile rift, Atbara rift and Sag El Naam rift.[61] The Mellut Rift Basin is virtually 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) deep at its key office. This rift is possibly nevertheless active, with reported tectonic activeness in its northern and southern boundaries. The Sudd swamps which grade the key part of the basin may nonetheless be subsiding. The White Nile Rift Organisation, although shallower than the Bahr el Arab rift, is about 9 kilometers (5.six mi) deep. Geophysical exploration of the Blue Nile Rift Organisation estimated the depth of the sediments to be v–9 kilometers (3.one–v.6 mi). These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased, and the rate of sediment deposition was enough to fill and connect them. The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile, which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern, Central and Sudanese Rift Systems.[62] The connectedness of the dissimilar Niles occurred during circadian wet periods. The River Atbara overflowed its closed bowl during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago. The Blue Nile connected to the chief Nile during the 70,000–80,000 years B.P. wet flow. The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connectedness of the Victoria Nile to the master system some 12,500 years ago during the African boiling menstruum.

Role in the founding of Egyptian civilisation

A felucca traversing the Nile near Aswan

The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that "Egypt was the gift of the Nile". An unending source of sustenance, it played a crucial part in the development of Egyptian civilization. Because the river overflowed its banks annually and deposited new layers of silt, the surrounding country was very fertile. The Ancient Egyptians cultivated and traded wheat, flax, papyrus and other crops effectually the Nile. Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine-plagued Middle East. This trading organisation secured Egypt'southward diplomatic relationships with other countries and contributed to economic stability. Far-reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since aboriginal times. A tune, Hymn to the Nile, was created and sung by the ancient Egyptian peoples about the flooding of the Nile River and all of the miracles it brought to Ancient Egyptian civilization.[63]

Water buffalo were introduced from Asia and the Assyrians introduced camels in the 7th century BC. These animals were killed for meat and were domesticated and used for ploughing—or in the camels' instance, carriage. Water was vital to both people and livestock. The Nile was too a convenient and efficient means of transportation for people and goods.[ citation needed ]

The Nile was also an of import function of aboriginal Egyptian spiritual life. Hapi was the god of the annual floods, and both he and the pharaoh were idea to command the flooding. The Nile was considered to be a causeway from life to expiry and the afterlife. The eastward was thought of equally a identify of nascence and growth, and the west was considered the place of expiry, every bit the god Ra, the Lord's day, underwent birth, death, and resurrection each day every bit he crossed the sky. Thus, all tombs were due west of the Nile, because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife, they had to be buried on the side that symbolized death.[ citation needed ]

As the Nile was such an of import factor in Egyptian life, the aboriginal calendar was even based on the 3 cycles of the Nile. These seasons, each consisting of four months of thirty days each, were called Akhet, Peret, and Shemu. Akhet, which means overflowing, was the time of the year when the Nile flooded, leaving several layers of fertile soil behind, aiding in agricultural growth.[64] Peret was the growing season, and Shemu, the concluding season, was the harvest season when there were no rains.[64]

European search for the source of the Nile

Owing to their failure to penetrate the sudd wetlands of South Sudan, the upper reaches of the White Nile remained largely unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans. Various expeditions failed to decide the river's source. Agatharcides records that in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, a military trek had penetrated far enough forth the form of the Blue Nile to determine that the summertime floods were acquired by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian Highlands, but no European of artifact is known to accept reached Lake Tana.

The Tabula Rogeriana depicted the source as three lakes in 1154.

Europeans began to larn about the origins of the Nile in the fourteenth century when the Pope sent monks every bit emissaries to Mongolia who passed Republic of india, the Middle Due east and Africa, and described being told of the source of the Nile in Abyssinia (Federal democratic republic of ethiopia)[66] [67] Later in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, travelers to Federal democratic republic of ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Bluish Nile in the mountains south of the lake. Although James Bruce claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters,[68] mod writers requite the credit to the Jesuit Pedro Páez. Páez's account of the source of the Nile[69] is a long and vivid business relationship of Ethiopia. It was published in total just in the early on twentieth century, although it was featured in works of Páez'southward contemporaries, including Baltazar Téllez,[lxx] Athanasius Kircher[71] and by Johann Michael Vansleb.[72]

Europeans had been resident in Ethiopia since the late fifteenth century, and one of them may have visited the headwaters fifty-fifty before without leaving a written trace. The Portuguese João Bermudes published the starting time description of the Tis Issat Falls in his 1565 memoirs, compared them to the Nile Falls alluded to in Cicero's De Republica.[73] Jerónimo Lobo describes the source of the Bluish Nile, visiting presently after Pedro Páez. Telles also used his account.

The White Nile was even less understood. The ancients mistakenly believed that the Niger River represented the upper reaches of the White Nile. For example, Pliny the Elder wrote that the Nile had its origins "in a mountain of lower Mauretania", flowed above ground for "many days" distance, and so went underground, reappeared as a big lake in the territories of the Masaesyli, and so sank once again below the desert to flow underground "for a distance of xx days' journeying till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians."[74] A merchant named Diogenes reported that the Nile'southward h2o attracted game such equally buffalo.

A map of the Nile c.  1911, a time when its entire primary course ran through British occupations, condominiums, colonies, and protectorates[18]

Modern exploration of the Nile bowl began with the conquest of the northern and cardinal Sudan past the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, and his sons from 1821 onward. Every bit a outcome of this, the Blue Nile was known as far as its exit from the Ethiopian foothills and the White Nile as far as the mouth of the Sobat River. 3 expeditions under a Turkish officeholder, Selim Bimbashi, were made between 1839 and 1842, and two got to the bespeak about thirty kilometres (xx miles) beyond the present port of Juba, where the country rises and rapids make navigation very difficult.

Lake Victoria was outset sighted by Europeans in 1858 when British explorer John Hanning Speke reached its southern shore while traveling with Richard Francis Burton to explore central Africa and locate the keen lakes. Believing he had establish the source of the Nile on seeing this "vast area of open water" for the kickoff time, Speke named the lake subsequently the and then Queen of the United Kingdom. Burton, recovering from disease and resting farther south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to exist the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as nevertheless unsettled. A very public quarrel ensued, which sparked a bully deal of intense debate inside the scientific community and interest by other explorers neat to either confirm or refute Speke's discovery. British explorer and missionary David Livingstone pushed likewise far due west and entered the Congo River organisation instead. It was ultimately Welsh-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley who confirmed Speke's discovery, circumnavigating Lake Victoria and reporting the great outflow at Ripon Falls on the lake'south northern shore.

European involvement in Egypt goes back to the fourth dimension of Napoleon. Laird Shipyard of Liverpool sent an fe steamer to the Nile in the 1830s. With the completion of the Suez Canal and the British takeover of Arab republic of egypt in 1882, more British river steamers followed.

The Nile is the area's natural navigation aqueduct, giving access to Khartoum and Sudan by steamer. The Siege of Khartoum was broken with purpose-built sternwheelers shipped from England and steamed up the river to retake the city. After this came regular steam navigation of the river. With British presence in Egypt in World War I and the inter-war years, river steamers provided both security and sightseeing to the Pyramids and Thebes. Steam navigation remained integral to the two countries as belatedly every bit 1962. Sudan steamer traffic was a lifeline as few railways or roads were built in that country. Most paddle steamers have been retired to shorefront service, merely modern diesel fuel tourist boats remain on the river.

Since 1950

The Nile passes through Cairo, Egypt's capital city.

The Nile has long been used to send goods along its length. Wintertime winds blow south, upwardly river, so ships could sail upwards river, and downwardly river using the flow of the river. While near Egyptians withal alive in the Nile valley, the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam concluded the summertime floods and their renewal of the fertile soil, fundamentally changing farming practices. The Nile supports much of the population living forth its banks, enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara. The river's catamenia is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile, which are sections of faster-flowing water with many modest islands, shallow water, and rocks, which form an obstacle to navigation by boats. The Sudd wetlands in Sudan as well forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impede h2o flow, to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to canalize (the Jonglei Canal) to bypass the swamps.[75] [76]

Nile cities include Khartoum, Aswan, Luxor (Thebes), and the Giza – Cairo conurbation. The first cataract, the closest to the mouth of the river, is at Aswan, north of the Aswan Dam. This part of the river is a regular tourist road, with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as feluccas. Many cruise ships ply the route between Luxor and Aswan, stopping at Edfu and Kom Ombo along the mode. Security concerns have limited cruising on the northernmost portion for many years.

A computer simulation study to programme the economic development of the Nile was directed by H.A.Due west. Morrice and W.N. Allan, for the Ministry building of Hydro-power of the Commonwealth of the Sudan, during 1955–1957[77] [78] [79] Morrice was their Hydrological Adviser, and Allan his predecessor. M.P. Barnett directed the software evolution and computer operations. The calculations were enabled by authentic monthly inflow information collected for l years. The underlying principle was the use of over-yr storage, to conserve water from rainy years for use in dry years. Irrigation, navigation and other needs were considered. Each computer run postulated a set of reservoirs and operating equations for the release of water as a function of the month and the levels upstream. The beliefs that would have resulted given the inflow data was modeled. Over 600 models were run. Recommendations were made to the Sudanese authorities. The calculations were run on an IBM 650 computer. Simulation studies to design water resource are discussed farther in the article on hydrology ship models, which accept been used since the 1980s to clarify water quality.

Despite the evolution of many reservoirs, drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan, simply Arab republic of egypt was nourished by water impounded in Lake Nasser. Drought has proven to be a major cause of fatality in the Nile river basin. According to a report by the Strategic Foresight Grouping around 170 million people have been affected past droughts in the last century with one-half a million lives lost.[80] From the seventy incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, Sudan, Due south Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.[eighty]

Water sharing dispute

Hydropower dams in the Nile (plus huge dam under construction in Ethiopia)

The Nile's h2o has afflicted the politics of East Africa and the Horn of Africa for many decades. The dispute betwixt Egypt and Ethiopia over the $4.five billion Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has go a national preoccupation in both countries, stoking patriotism, deep-seated fears and even murmurs of state of war.[81] Countries including Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources. The Nile Bowl Initiative promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states.[82] [83]

Several attempts accept been made to establish agreements betwixt the countries sharing the Nile waters. On 14 May 2010 at Entebbe, Uganda, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Tanzania signed a new agreement on sharing the Nile h2o even though this understanding raised stiff opposition from Egypt and Sudan. Ideally, such international agreements should promote equitable and efficient usage of the Nile basin's water resources. Without a better understanding about the availability of the future water resources of the Nile, it is possible that conflicts could arise between these countries relying on the Nile for their water supply, economic and social developments.[10]

Modern achievements and exploration

White Nile

In 1951, the American John Goddard together with two French explorers became the first to successfully navigate the unabridged Nile river from its source in Burundi at the potential headsprings of the Kagera River in Burundi to its oral fissure on the Mediterranean Sea, a journeying of approximately half dozen,800 km (four,200 mi). Their 9-month journey is described in the book Kayaks downwardly the Nile.[84]

The White Nile Expedition, led by Due south African national Hendrik Coetzee, navigated the White Nile's entire length of approximately 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi). The expedition began at the White Nile's beginning at Lake Victoria in Uganda, on 17 January 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta, four and a one-half months later.[85]

Blue Nile

The Blue Nile Expedition, led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner, kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first known people to descend the entire Blueish Nile, from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean. Their approximately five,230-kilometre (3,250 mi) journey took 114 days, from 25 Dec 2003 to 28 Apr 2004. Though their expedition included others, Brown and Scaturro were the simply ones to complete the entire journey.[86] Although they descended whitewater manually, the team used outboard motors for much of their journey.

On 29 January 2005, Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human powered transit of Ethiopia's Blue Nile. Their journeying of over 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) took five months. They recount that they paddled through 2 state of war zones, regions notorious for bandits, and were arrested at gunpoint.[87]

Crossings

Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Body of water

[ description needed ]

View of the Qasr El Nil Bridge in Cairo, with Gezira Island in the background

The following bridges cantankerous the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North:

  • Mac Nimir Bridge
  • Bluish Nile Road & Railway Bridge
  • Burri Bridge
  • Elmansheya Span
  • Soba Bridge

The following bridges cross the White Nile and connect Khartoum to Omdurman:

  • White Nile Bridge
  • Fitayhab Bridge
  • Al Dabbaseen Bridge (under structure)[ when? ]
  • Omhuraz Bridge (proposed)[ citation needed ]

the following bridges cross from Omdurman: to Khartoum North:

  • Shambat Bridge
  • Halfia Bridge

The following bridges cantankerous to Tuti from Khartoum states three cities

  • Khartoum-Tuti Bridge
  • Omdurman-Tuti Suspension Span (proposed)[ citation needed ]
  • Khartoum Northward-Tuti Bridge (proposed)[ citation needed ]

Other bridges

  • Shandi Bridge, Shendi
  • Atbarah Bridge, Atbarah
  • Merowe Dam, Merowe
  • Merowe Bridge, Merowe
  • Aswan Bridge, Aswan
  • Luxor Bridge, Luxor
  • Suhag Bridge, Suhag
  • Assiut Bridge, Assiut
  • Al Minya Bridge, Minya
  • Al Marazeek Bridge, Helwan
  • First Ring Road Span (Moneeb Crossing), Cairo
  • Abbas Bridge, Cairo
  • University Bridge, Cairo
  • Qasr al-Nil Bridge, Cairo
  • sixth Oct Bridge, Cairo
  • Abu El Ela Span, Cairo (removed in 1998)
  • New Abu El Ela Span, Cairo
  • Imbaba Span, Cairo
  • Rod Elfarag Bridge, Cairo
  • 2d Ring Road Bridge, Cairo
  • Banha Span, Banha
  • Samanoud Span, Samanoud
  • Mansoura 2 Bridges, Mansoura
  • Talkha Bridge, Talkha
  • Shirbine high Span
  • Shirbine Bridge
  • Kafr Lamentable – Farscor Bridge
  • International Coastal Road Bridge
  • Damietta loftier Span, Damietta
  • Damietta Span, Damietta
  • Kafr El Zayat Bridges, Kafr El Zayat
  • Zefta Bridge, Zefta

Crossings from Jinja, Republic of uganda to Khartoum

  • Source of the Nile Bridge, Jinja, Republic of uganda
  • River Nile Railway Span, Jinja, Uganda
  • Nalubaale Bridge, Jinja, Uganda (Formerly Owen Falls Bridge)
  • Karuma Bridge, Karuma, Republic of uganda
  • Pakwach Span, Uganda

Gallery

  • Village on the Nile, 1891

  • Riverboat on the Nile, Egypt 1900

  • Marsh along the Nile

  • A river gunkhole crossing the Nile in Republic of uganda

  • The Nile in Luxor

  • The Nile flows through Cairo, here contrasting aboriginal customs of daily life with the mod city of today.

Annotated bibliography

The following is an annotated bibliography of central written documents for the Western exploration of the Nile.

17th century

  • Historia da Ethiopia, Pedro Páez (aka Pero Pais), Portugal, 1620
A Jesuit missionary who was sent from Goa to Ethiopia in 1589 and remained in the expanse until his death in 1622. Credited with being the first European to view the source of the Blueish Nile which he describes in this volume.
  • Voyage historique d'Abissinie, Jerónimo Lobo (aka Girolamo Lobo), Piero Matini, Firenze; 1693
One of the most important and earliest sources on Federal democratic republic of ethiopia and the Nile. Jerónimo Lobo (1595–1687), a Jesuit priest, stayed in Ethiopia, mostly in Tigre, for 9 years and travelled to Lake Tana and the Blue Nile, reaching the province of Damot. When the Jesuits were expelled from the country, he likewise had to leave and did then via Massaua and Suakin. "He was the best expert on Ethiopian matters. After Pais, Lobo is the second European to describe the sources of the Blue Nile and he did so more exactly than Bruce" (transl. from Henze).

18th century

  • Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years – 1768, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773, James Bruce of Kinnaird. J. Ruthven for G. GJ. and J. Robinson et al., Edinburgh, 1790 (5 Volumes)
With time on his hands and at the urging of a friend, Bruce composed this account of his travels on the African continent, including comments on the history and organized religion of Arab republic of egypt, an business relationship of Indian trade, a history of Abyssinia, and other cloth. Although Bruce would not be confused with "a great scholar or a judicious critic, few books of equal compass are equally entertaining; and few such monuments exist of the free energy and enterprise of a single traveller" (DNB). "The result of his travels was a very corking enrichment of the knowledge of geography and ethnography" (Cox II, p. 389.) Bruce was one of the earliest westerners to search for the source of the Nile. In November 1770 he reached the source of the Blue Nile, and though he acknowledged that the White Nile was the larger stream, he claimed that the Blue Nile was the Nile of the ancients and that he was thus the discoverer of its source. The account of his travels was written twelve years after his journey and without reference to his journals, which gave critics grounds for disbelief, simply the substantial accuracy of the book has since been amply demonstrated.

1800–1850

  • Egypt And Mohammed Ali, Or Travels in the Valley of The Nile, James Augustus St. John, Longman, London, 1834
St. John traveled extensively in Arab republic of egypt and Nubia in 1832–33, mainly on foot. He gives a very interesting pic of Egyptian life and politics under Mohammed Ali; a big part of volume II deals with the Egyptian campaign in Syria.
  • Travels in Ethiopia Higher up the Second Cateract of the Nile; Exhibiting the Country of That State and Its Various Inhabitants Under the Rule of Mohammed Ali; and Illustrating the Antiquities, Arts, and History of the Aboriginal Kingdom of Meroe, G.A. Hoskins. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman, London; 1835.
  • Modern Egypt and Thebes: Being a Description of Egypt; Including Data Required for Travelers in That Country, Sir Gardner Wilkinson, John Murray, London, 1843
The first known English travelers guide to the Lower Nile Bowl.

1850–1900

  • Lake Regions of Fundamental Equatorial Africa, with Notices of The Lunar Mountains and the Sources of the White Nile; existence The Results of an Expedition Undertaken nether the Patronage of Her Majesty's Government and the Royal Geographical Society of London, In the Years 1857–1859, Sir Richard Burton. W. Clowes, London; 1860
Sir Richard Burton'due south presentation of his trek with John Speke. Ultimately, Burton's view of the sources of the Nile failed and Speke'southward prevailed.
  • Travels, researches, and missionary labours, during eighteen years' residence in eastern Africa. Together with journeys to Jagga, Usambara, Ukambani, Shoa, Abessinia, and Khartum; and a coasting voyage from Mombaz to Cape Delgado. With an appendix respecting the snow-capped mountains of eastern Africa; the sources of the Nile; the languages and literature of Abessinia And eastern Africa, etc. etc., Rev Dr. J. Krapf, Trubner and Co, London; 1860; Ticknor and Fields, Boston; 1860

Henry Morton Stanley in 1872. Stanley circumnavigated the lake and confirmed Speke's observations in 1875.[65]

Krapf went to East Africa in the service of the English Church Missionary Gild, arriving at Mombasa, Kenya in 1844 and staying in East Africa until 1853. While stationed there he was the first to report the being of Lake Baringo and a sighting of the snowfall-clad Kilimanjaro. Krapf, during his travels, collected information from the Arab traders operating inland from the coast. From the traders Krapf and his companions learned of groovy lakes and snow-capped mountains, which Krapf claimed to have seen for himself, much to the ridicule of English explorers who could non believe the idea of snow on the equator. Yet, Krapf was correct and had seen Mounts Kilimanjaro and Kenya, the first European to do so.
  • Egypt, Soudan and Central Africa: With Explorations From Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of the Equator, Being Sketches from Sixteen Years' Travel, John Petherick. William Blackwood, Edinburgh; 1861
Petherick was a well known Welsh traveler in Due east Central Africa where he had adopted the profession of mining engineer. This piece of work describes sixteen years of his travel throughout Africa. In 1845, he entered the service of Mehemet Ali, and was employed in examining Upper Egypt, Nubia, the Carmine Sea coast and Kordofan in an unsuccessful search for coal. In 1848, he left the Egyptian service and established himself at El Obeid every bit a trader and was, at the same time made British Consul for the Sudan. In 1853, he removed to Khartoum and became an ivory trader. He traveled extensively in the Bahr-el-Ghazal region, then nearly unknown, exploring the Jur, Yalo and other affluents of the Ghazal and in 1858 he penetrated the Niam-Niam country. Petherick's additions to the knowledge of natural history were considerable, beingness responsible for the discovery of a number of new species. In 1859, he returned to England where he became acquainted with John Speke, and then arranging for an expedition to discover the source of the Nile. While in England, Petherick married and published this account of his travels. He got the idea to join Speke in his travels, and in this volume is an actual subscription and list of subscribers to enhance money to send Petherick to join Speke. His subsequent adventures equally a consul in Africa were published in a later work.
  • Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, John Hanning Speke. William Blackwood, Edinburgh, 1863; Harper & Brothers, New York; 1864
Speke had previously made an trek with Sir Richard Burton under the auspices of the Indian authorities, during which Speke was convinced that he had discovered the source of the Nile. Burton, however, disagreed and ridiculed Speke's account. Speke set off on another expedition, recounted hither, in the company of Captain Grant. During the course of this trek he not only produced further testify for his discoveries but he also met (later Sir) Samuel and Florence Bakery. Speke and Burton provided them with essential data which helped Bakery in the discovery of the Albert Nyanza.[88] The importance of Speke'south discoveries can hardly be overestimated. In discovering the source reservoir of the Nile he succeeded in solving the problem of all ages; he and Grant were the first Europeans to cross Equatorial Eastern Africa and gained for the world a cognition of most 800 km (500 mi) of a portion of Eastern Africa previously totally unknown.

Meet likewise

  • Bujagali Hydroelectric Ability Station
  • Egyptian Public Works
  • Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station
  • Water politics in the Nile Basin
  • Merowe Dam
  • Nalubaale Hydroelectric Ability Station
  • Orders of magnitude
  • Vid Flumina, a river of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn'due south moon Titan
  • The River War (1899), Winston Churchill's second book, an account of steaming up the Nile to the Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, in 1898

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ^ a b c The length of the Nile is usually said to be virtually half-dozen,650 km (4,130 mi),[three] but reported values lie anywhere between five,499 km (3,417 mi) and vii,088 km (4,404 mi).[4] The measurements of many rivers' lengths are only approximations and may differ from each other because there are many factors that determine the calculated length of a river, such as the position of the geographical source and the rima oris, the scale of measurement, and the technique used to measure length (see also Listing of rivers by length).[4] [8]
  2. ^ Arabic: النيل, romanized: an-Nīl , Arabic pronunciation: [an'niːl], Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ Pronounced [pʰjaˈro],[i] Luganda: Kiira Ganda pronunciation: [ki:ra], Nobiin: Áman Dawū[2]
References
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  3. ^ a b "Nile River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015.
  4. ^ a b c Liu, Shaochuang; Lu, P; Liu, D; Jin, P; Wang, W (i March 2009). "Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the master rivers of the world". Int. J. Digital Earth. 2 (1): 80–87. Bibcode:2009IJDE....ii...80L. doi:10.1080/17538940902746082. S2CID 27548511.
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  12. ^ The river's outflow from that lake occurs at 12°02′09″N 37°15′53″E  /  12.03583°Northward 37.26472°E  / 12.03583; 37.26472
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Sources

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. xix (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 693.

Farther reading

  • Grogan, Ewart South. (1905). "The Nile as I saw it". The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. pp. 809–sixteen.
  • Jeal, Tim (2011). Explorers of the Nile: The Triumph and Tragedy of a Bang-up Victorian Take a chance. ISBN 978-0-300-14935-7
  • Moorehead, Alan, "The White Nile" (Hamish Hamilton, 1960; revised and illustrated edition, 1971). Abridged illustrated edition, as The Story of the White Nile (Harper & Row, 1967)
  • Moorehead, Alan, "The Blue Nile" (Hamish Hamilton, 1962; revised and illustrated edition, 1972). Abridged illustrated edition, as The Story of the Blueish Nile (Harper & Row, 1966)
  • Tvedt, Terje, ed. The River Nile in the Mail service-Colonial Age: Conflict and Cooperation Among the Nile Basin Countries (I.B. Tauris, 2010) 293 pages; studies of the river's finite resources every bit shared by multiple nations in the mail-colonial era; includes research by scholars from Republic of burundi, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Republic of uganda.
  • Tvedt, Terje, (2004) "The Nile: An Annotated Bibliography", London/New York, ISBN 978-1860648793

External links

  • A Struggle Over the Nile – slideshow by The New York Times
  • Thesis Analyzing Nile River Negotiations
  • Geographic data related to Nile at OpenStreetMap
  • Old maps of the Nile, from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile

Posted by: moultrieheadee.blogspot.com

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